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Second Geneva Convention

Definition of "shipwrecked"

In international humanitarian law, a "shipwrecked" person is any military or civilian individual who is in a situation of peril at sea or other waters following misfortune to themselves, their vessel, or their aircraft, provided they abstain from any hostile acts. More than a glossary, "A to Z" provides definitions of key terms followed by references to relevant parts of "The law" and "The law in practice" sections where the terms appear, and to the relevant rules of IHL. The ICRC website defines "shipwrecked" persons as: Persons, whether military or civilian, who are in peril at sea or in other waters as a result of misfortune affecting them or the vessel or aircraft carrying them and who refrain from any act of hostility. These persons, provided that they continue to refrain from any act of hostility, continue to be considered shipwrecked during their rescue until they acquire another status (wounded, sick, prisoner of war).

In the international law of armed conflict, the term "shipwrecked" refers to…The "Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict" provides the following definition:

SHIPWRECKED: Persons

Shipwreck

Causes

Poor design, improperly stowed cargo, navigation and other human errors leading to collisions (with another ship, the shoreline, an iceberg, etc.), inadequate maintenance, bad weather, fire, and other causes can lead to accidental sinking. Intentional reasons for sinking a ship include: intending to form an artificial reef; destruction due to warfare, piracy, mutiny or sabotage; using the vessel for target practice; or removing a hazard to navigation. A scuttled ship can be also used as breakwater structure or to deny or restrict access to an area to other shipping.

While infamous disasters like the Titanic (1912) dominate public memory, peacetime accidents caused by miscalculation of weather actually became increasingly smaller during the 1990s due to rapid advancements in marine radar, radio communication, and weather forecasting. In the 20th century, war was indisputably the single largest driver of shipwrecks, entirely eclipsing peacetime accidents.

History

World War II

Sunken ships from World War II can be found in most of Earth’s oceans. (Source: Esri) Researchers estimate that over the entirety of World War II, 15,000 to more than 20,000 ships were sunk. This interactive map from Esri chronicles the locations of more than 14,500 ships sunk during the war. It’s based on data that cartographer Paul Heersink has carefully curated over a decade of research. While more than 20,000 ships were lost during the war, the overwhelming majority of them were non-combat ships. (Source: Esri) The map highlights Venezuela, the Cape of Good Hope, and the western Pacific as places where non-combat ship losses were particularly high.Causes

History

Industrialized warfare completely inverted this trend, sending tens of thousands of vessels to the ocean floor in compressed windows of time.

World War II

Sunken ships from World War II can be found in most of Earth’s oceans. (Source: Esri) Researchers estimate that over the entirety of World War II, 15,000 to more than 20,000 ships were sunk. This interactive map from Esri chronicles the locations of more than 14,500 ships sunk during the war. It’s based on data that cartographer Paul Heersink has carefully curated over a decade of research. While more than 20,000 ships were lost during the war, the overwhelming majority of them were non-combat ships. (Source: Esri) The map highlights Venezuela, the Cape of Good Hope, and the western Pacific as places where non-combat ship losses were particularly high.

History

World War II

Researchers estimate that more than 20,000 ships were lost/sunk worldwide over the entirety of World War II, . Sunken ships from World War II can be found in most of Earth’s oceans (Source: Esri)

This interactive map from Esri chronicles the locations of more than 14,500 ships sunk during the war. Researchers estimate that more than 20,000 ships were lost/sunk/wrecked during World War II. It’s based on data that cartographer Paul Heersink has carefully curated over a decade of research. While more than 20,000 ships were lost during the war, the overwhelming majority of them were non-combat ships. (Source: Esri) The map highlights Venezuela, the Cape of Good Hope, and the western Pacific as places where non-combat ship losses were particularly high.

WANTON DESTRUCTION

IHL prohibits the destruction of civilian objects and of property seized from the adversary in the absence of military necessity. Wanton destruction of such property constitutes a war crime. The ICTY, in the Trial Chamber judgment of Kordic and Cerkez, (February 26, 2001) held that “[T]he elements for the crime of wanton destruction not justified by military necessity charged under Article 3(b) of the Statute are satisfied where: (i) the destruction of property occurs on a large scale; (ii) the destruction is not justified by military necessity; and (iii) the perpetrator acted with the intent to destroy the property in question or in reckless disregard of the likelihood of its destruction.” paras 346-34

INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT

INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT

IHL prohibits the destruction of civilian objects and of property seized from the adversary in the absence of military necessity. Wanton destruction of such property constitutes a war crime. The ICTY, in the Trial Chamber judgment of Kordic and Cerkez, (February 26, 2001) held that “[T]he elements for the crime of wanton destruction not justified by military necessity charged under Article 3(b) of the Statute are satisfied where: (i) the destruction of property occurs on a large scale; (ii) the destruction is not justified by military necessity; and (iii) the perpetrator acted with the intent to destroy the property in question or in reckless disregard of the likelihood of its destruction.” paras 346-34
In international humanitarian law, a "shipwrecked" person is any military or civilian individual who is in a situation of peril at sea or other waters following misfortune to themselves, their vessel, or their aircraft, provided they abstain from any hostile acts. More than a glossary, "A to Z" provides definitions of key terms followed by references to relevant parts of "The law" and "The law in practice" sections where the terms appear, and to the relevant rules of IHL. The ICRC website defines "shipwrecked" persons as: Persons, whether military or civilian, who are in peril at sea or in other waters as a result of misfortune affecting them or the vessel or aircraft carrying them and who refrain from any act of hostility. These persons, provided that they continue to refrain from any act of hostility, continue to be considered shipwrecked during their rescue until they acquire another status (wounded, sick, prisoner of war).
In the international law of armed conflict, the term "shipwrecked" refers to…The "Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict" provides the following definition:
SHIPWRECKED: Persons

NONCOMBATANT IMMUNITY

NONCOMBATANT

IHL prohibits the destruction of civilian objects and of property seized from the adversary in the absence of military necessity. Wanton destruction of such property constitutes a war crime. The ICTY, in the Trial Chamber judgment of Kordic and Cerkez, (February 26, 2001) held that “[T]he elements for the crime of wanton destruction not justified by military necessity charged under Article 3(b) of the Statute are satisfied where: (i) the destruction of property occurs on a large scale; (ii) the destruction is not justified by military necessity; and (iii) the perpetrator acted with the intent to destroy the property in question or in reckless disregard of the likelihood of its destruction.” paras 346-34
In international humanitarian law, a "shipwrecked" person is any military or civilian individual who is in a situation of peril at sea or other waters following misfortune to themselves, their vessel, or their aircraft, provided they abstain from any hostile acts. More than a glossary, "A to Z" provides definitions of key terms followed by references to relevant parts of "The law" and "The law in practice" sections where the terms appear, and to the relevant rules of IHL. The ICRC website defines "shipwrecked" persons as: Persons, whether military or civilian, who are in peril at sea or in other waters as a result of misfortune affecting them or the vessel or aircraft carrying them and who refrain from any act of hostility. These persons, provided that they continue to refrain from any act of hostility, continue to be considered shipwrecked during their rescue until they acquire another status (wounded, sick, prisoner of war).
In the international law of armed conflict, the term "shipwrecked" refers to…The "Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict" provides the following definition:
SHIPWRECKED: Persons

NOTES

^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ^[11] ^[12]
The quality of belligerent may also be attributed to the insurgents who in a civil war exercise de facto control of a part of the territory of a State, because third States are in touch with them to protect their own interests, or because it is in the interest of the legitimate government to recognize the insurgents as belligerents, so as to require other States to respect neutrality.^[13]

References

↑ United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington DC, July 1, 1946.
↑ Coffey, Iron Eagle.
↑ Tillman, LeMay.
↑ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 326–32, Random House, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Peter Jennings – Hiroshima: Why the Bomb was Dropped (1995)". YouTube.com. January 4, 2013. Event occurs at 19:30/108:58. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
↑ Buckley, John (2001) [1998]. Air Power in the Age of Total War. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 193. ISBN 0-203-00722-0.
↑ Bradley, F. J. No Strategic Targets Left. "Contribution of Major Fire Raids Toward Ending WWII", Turner Publishing Company, limited edition. ISBN 1-56311-483-6. p. 38.
1 2 United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington DC, July 1, 1946.
↑ PBS. American Experience. Race for the Superbomb. General Curtis E. LeMay, (1906–1990). 2009. (accessed April 18, 2013).
↑ Gideon Rachman (11 April 2024). "Transcript: How do you define a war crime?". Financial Times.
↑ Errol Morris, The Fog of War, Documentary Film, 2003 (accessed October 8, 2016).
↑ Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II. Berghahn Books. 2010. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-8454-5844-7.
↑ Verri, Pietro. "War." In Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict. Translated from French into English by Edward Markee and Susan Mutti, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1992, p. 123. ISBN 2-88145-039-3.

[USSBS2-1] United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington DC, July 1, 1946.

[coffey2-2] Coffey, Iron Eagle.

[tillman2-3] Tillman, LeMay.

[4] Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 326–32, Random House, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.

[5] Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Peter Jennings – Hiroshima: Why the Bomb was Dropped (1995)". YouTube.com. January 4, 2013. Event occurs at 19:30/108:58. Retrieved October 29, 2018.

[buckley2001_1932-6] Buckley, John (2001) [1998]. Air Power in the Age of Total War. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 193. ISBN 0-203-00722-0.

[7] Bradley, F. J. No Strategic Targets Left. "Contribution of Major Fire Raids Toward Ending WWII", Turner Publishing Company, limited edition. ISBN 1-56311-483-6. p. 38.

[USSBS22-8] 1 2 United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington DC, July 1, 1946.

[9] PBS. American Experience. Race for the Superbomb. General Curtis E. LeMay, (1906–1990). 2009. (accessed April 18, 2013).

[10] Gideon Rachman (11 April 2024). "Transcript: How do you define a war crime?". Financial Times.

[11] Errol Morris, The Fog of War, Documentary Film, 2003 (accessed October 8, 2016).

[12] Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II. Berghahn Books. 2010. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-8454-5844-7.

[13] Verri, Pietro. "War." In Dictionary of the International Law of Armed Conflict. Translated from French into English by Edward Markee and Susan Mutti, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1992, p. 123. ISBN 2-88145-039-3.

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